Classification Algorithm for fNIRS-based Brain Signals Using Convolutional Neural Network with Spatiotemporal Feature Extraction Mechanism.

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a highly promising human-computer interaction method that can utilize brain signals to control external devices. BCI based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is considered a relatively new and promising paradigm. fNIRS is a technique of measuring functional changes in cerebral hemodynamics. It detects changes in the hemodynamic activity of the cerebral cortex by measuring oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentrations and inversely predicts the neural activity of the brain. At the present time, Deep learning (DL) methods have not been widely used in fNIRS decoding, and there are fewer studies considering both spatial and temporal dimensions for fNIRS classification. To solve these problems, we proposed an end-to-end hybrid neural network for feature extraction of fNIRS. The method utilizes a spatial-temporal convolutional layer for automatic extraction of temporally valid information and uses a spatial attention mechanism to extract spatially localized information. A temporal convolutional network (TCN) is used to further utilize the temporal information of fNIRS before the fully connected layer. We validated our approach on a publicly available dataset including 29 subjects, including left-hand and right-hand motor imagery (MI), mental arithmetic (MA), and a baseline task. The results show that the method has few training parameters and high accuracy, providing a meaningful reference for BCI development.

Cone-Beam CT of the Extremities in Clinical Practice.

Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is a promising tool with increasing applications in musculoskeletal imaging due to its ability to provide thin-section CT images of the appendicular skeleton and introduce weight bearing, which accounts for loading forces that typically interact with and affect this anatomy. CBCT devices include an x-ray source directly opposite a digital silicon detector panel that performs a single rotation around an object of interest, obtaining thin-section images. Currently, the majority of research has been focused on the utility of CBCT with foot and ankle pathologic abnormalities, due to the complex architectural arrangement of the tarsal bones and weight-bearing nature of the lower extremities. Associated software can provide a variety of options for image reconstruction, including metal artifact reduction, three-dimensional biometric measurements, and digitally reconstructed radiographs. Advancements in this technology have allowed imaging of the knee, hip, hand, and elbow. As more data are published, it is becoming evident that CBCT provides many additional benefits, including fast imaging time, low radiation dose, lower cost, and small equipment footprint. These benefits allow placement of CBCT units outside of the traditional radiology department, including the orthopedic clinic setting. These technologic developments have motivated clinicians to define the scope of CBCT for diagnostics, surgical planning, and longitudinal imaging. As efforts are made to create standardized protocol and measurements, the current understanding and surgical approach for various orthopedic pathologic conditions will continue to shift, with the hope of improving outcomes. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

Fast needling combined with occupational therapy for hand dysfunction of spastic cerebral palsy : a randomized controlled trial. / å¿«é’ˆç»“åˆä½œä¸šç–—æ³•æ²»ç–—ç—‰æŒ›åž‹è„‘ç˜«æ‚£å„¿æ‰‹åŠŸèƒ½éšœç¢ï¼šéšæœºå¯¹ç §è¯•éªŒ.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical effect of fast needling (without needle retaining), needle retaining acupuncture combined with occupational therapy and simple occupational therapy for hand dysfunction of spastic cerebral palsy in children. METHODS: A total of 75 children with spastic cerebral palsy were randomly divided into an occupational therapy group (25 cases), a fast needling group (25 cases, 1 case dropped out) and a needle retaining group (25 cases, 1 case dropped out). The patients in the occupational therapy group were only treated with occupational therapy for 20 min each time. The patients in the fast needling group were treated with acupuncture (without needle retaining) combined with occupational therapy, and the needle retaining group was treated with acupuncture (needle retaining) combined with occupational therapy, and acupuncture was taken at Hegu (LI 4), Houxi (SI 3), Yuji (LU 10), Waiguan (SJ 5), Jianyu (LI 15) and so on. The needles were retained for 30 min in patients of the needle retaining group. All the above treatments were performed once a day, 5 times a week for 12 weeks. The scores of fine motor function measure (FMFM) and Peabody developmental motor scale 2 (PDMS-2) were observed in patients of the three groups before and after treatment, and the safety of the fast needling group and the needle retaining group was compared. RESULTS: After treatment, the scores of FMFM and PDMS-2 in patients of the three groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.01), and the scores of FMFM and PDMS-2 in the fast needling group and the needle retaining group were higher than those in the occupational therapy group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The incidence of acupuncture abnormalities in the fast needling group was 0.3% (5/1 440), which was lower than 1.4% (20/1 440) in the needle retaining group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture combined with occupational therapy has better clinical effect than occupational therapy alone in improving hand dysfunction in children with spastic cerebral palsy, and there is no statistical difference in effect between fast needling acupuncture and needle retaining acupuncture, but fast needling has better safety than needle retaining acupuncture.

Hand function after neonatal stroke: A graph model based on basal ganglia and thalami structure.

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) is a common model to study the impact of a unilateral early brain insult on developmental brain plasticity and the appearance of long-term outcomes. Motor difficulties that may arise are typically related to poor function of the affected (contra-lesioned) hand, but surprisingly also of the ipsilesional hand. Although many longitudinal studies after NAIS have shown that predicting the occurrence of gross motor difficulties is easier, accurately predicting hand motor function (for both hands) from morphometric MRI remains complicated. The hypothesis of an association between the structural organization of the basal ganglia (BG) and thalamus with hand motor function seems intuitive given their key role in sensorimotor function. Neuroimaging studies have frequently investigated these structures to evaluate the correlation between their volumes and motor function following early brain injury. However, the results have been controversial. We hypothesize the involvement of other structural parameters. METHOD: The study involves 35 children (mean age 7.3 years, SD 0.4) with middle cerebral artery NAIS who underwent a structural T1-weighted 3D MRI and clinical examination to assess manual dexterity using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT). Graphs are used to represent high-level structural information of the BG and thalami (volumes, elongations, distances) measured from the MRI. A graph neural network (GNN) is proposed to predict children's hand motor function through a graph regression. To reduce the impact of external factors on motor function (such as behavior and cognition), we calculate a BBT score ratio for each child and hand. RESULTS: The results indicate a significant correlation between the score ratios predicted by our method and the actual score ratios of both hands (p < 0.05), together with a relatively high accuracy of prediction (mean L1 distance < 0.03). The structural information seems to have a different influence on each hand's motor function. The affected hand's motor function is more correlated with the volume, while the 'unaffected' hand function is more correlated with the elongation of the structures. Experiments emphasize the importance of considering the whole macrostructural organization of the basal ganglia and thalami networks, rather than the volume alone, to predict hand motor function. CONCLUSION: There is a significant correlation between the structural characteristics of the basal ganglia/thalami and motor function in both hands. These results support the use of MRI macrostructural features of the basal ganglia and thalamus as an early biomarker for predicting motor function in both hands after early brain injury.

Beta bursts question the ruling power for brain-computer interfaces.

Objective: Current efforts to build reliable brain-computer interfaces (BCI) span multiple axes from hardware, to software, to more sophisticated experimental protocols, and personalized approaches. However, despite these abundant efforts, there is still room for significant improvement. We argue that a rather overlooked direction lies in linking BCI protocols with recent advances in fundamental neuroscience.Approach: In light of these advances, and particularly the characterization of the burst-like nature of beta frequency band activity and the diversity of beta bursts, we revisit the role of beta activity in 'left vs. right hand' motor imagery (MI) tasks. Current decoding approaches for such tasks take advantage of the fact that MI generates time-locked changes in induced power in the sensorimotor cortex and rely on band-passed power changes in single or multiple channels. Although little is known about the dynamics of beta burst activity during MI, we hypothesized that beta bursts should be modulated in a way analogous to their activity during performance of real upper limb movements.Main results and Significance: We show that classification features based on patterns of beta burst modulations yield decoding results that are equivalent to or better than typically used beta power across multiple open electroencephalography datasets, thus providing insights into the specificity of these bio-markers.

Efficacy of Herbal Medicine in Hand Osteoarthritis: A Narrative Review.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent joint disorders in the world that has placed an enormous economic and social burden on governments and healthcare sectors in many countries. Hand OA (HOA) is the most common peripheral arthritis, which is less investigated than knee and hip OA. Due to limited approved drug choices and adverse effects of long-term use of current regimens, we aimed to review the existing evidence that were used as oral herbal medicine to treat HOA. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched for both observational and interventional studies that have investigated herbal medicine safety and efficacy in HOA, written in English and published between 2010 and 2022. RESULTS: A total of 5 original articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and each article assessed a different herbal regimen. Overall, it seems desirable to add specific herbal treatments to the regimen of HOA patients, specifically in case of early stages of HOA. CONCLUSION: Currently, the need for a low-risk alternative treatment in HOA patients is felt more than ever. There are reliable references relating to the safety of Korean red ginseng, GCSB-5, XLGB, and GS-GCu in these patients, although their efficacy was limited. Additionally, herbs like curcumin and Boswellia serrata have positively affected patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, there is a lack of strong evidence supporting their effectiveness in hand osteoarthritis (HOA). This emphasizes the potential benefits that these herbs may have for HOA patients.

Feasibility and efficacy of an early sensory-motor rehabilitation program on hand function in patients with stroke: a pilot, single-subject experimental design.

OBJECTIVE: Hand and upper limb functional impairments following stroke lead to limitations in performing activities of daily living. We aimed to investigate feasibility and efficacy of an early sensory-motor rehabilitation program on hand and upper limb function in patients with acute stroke. DESIGN: A pilot, single-subject experimental, A-B-A study. SETTING: Stroke unit of an educational hospital and an outpatient occupational therapy clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample including five people with acute stroke. PROCEDURES: Participants received 3 h of an intensive hand and upper limb sensory and motor rehabilitation program, 5 days per week for 3 months (15-min mental imagery, 15-min action observation, 30-min mirror therapy, 1.5-h constraint-induced movement therapy, and 30-min bilateral arm training). Activities were chosen based on the task-oriented occupational therapy approach. OUTCOME MEASURES: An assessor blinded to intervention program measured sensory and motor functions using action research arm test, box and block test, Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, and upper extremity section of Fugl-Meyer assessment. RESULTS: Assessment data points in intervention and follow-up phases compared to baseline were in higher levels, sloped upwardly, and increased significantly for all participants in all outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: The present pilot study showed that a package of nowadays evidence-based rehabilitation methods including mental imagery, action observation, mirror therapy, modified constraint-induced movement therapy, bilateral arm training, and task-oriented occupational therapy approach is able to improve sensory and motor functions of the hand and upper limb in patients with acute stroke.

Impaired Discrimination of Electrocutaneous Stimulation in the Paretic Hand of Stroke Survivors.

Artificial sensory feedback via electrocutaneous stimulation can be used to assist or rehabilitate stroke survivors with sensory deficits. Conveying the magnitude of tactile stimuli is an important aspect of artificial sensory feedback. Here, we explore how stroke-related sensory deficits impact the ability of electrocutaneous stimulation to convey the magnitude of tactile stimuli. Using classical psychophysical methods, we quantified the threshold of detection and the just-noticeable difference of electrocutaneous stimulation current in five stroke survivors with unilateral sensory deficits. We show significantly greater (40%) stimulation currents are needed for initial perception on the paretic hand compared to the non-paretic hand. We also show significantly greater percent changes in stimulation current (140%) are needed for reliable incremental perception on the paretic hand compared to the non-paretic hand. Lastly, we show little correlation between electrocutaneous discrimination performance and clinical sensory assessments of light-touch and spatial mechanoperception. These findings can help guide the implementation of artificial sensory feedback as an assistive or rehabilitative intervention for individuals experiencing sensory loss after a stroke.Clinical Relevance- Our results can help guide the implementation of electrical stimulation as an assistive or rehabilitative intervention for individuals with sensory loss after stroke.

Assessment of a karate performer's position estimation system without any markers.

Karate has become more popular, and researches have been conducted on training methods and motion analysis related to karate. The AR system for karate is an effective system for training and for the audience to understand the performance. To develop the AR system, it is necessary to acquire the movement of the performer. The purpose of the research is to assess a motion capture system to estimate a karate performer's full-body position and posture from HoloLens 2, without wearing any attachments. We used ThreeDPoseUnityBarracuda to estimate the position and posture of the performer's joints. In the experiment, the estimated joint's positions were compared with actual positions using the inertial three-dimensional motion capture. As results, although the error increased when the performer's movement was large, the median error between the estimated and actual positions was a maximum of 0.24 m at the x-coordinate of the right hand, and high accuracy was obtained when the performer's movement was small.

The Effect of Mirror Visual Feedback Therapy on the Hand Mental Rotation in Stroke Patients: An ERP study.

Mirror visual feedback (MVF) intervention is an adjunctive approach for motor recovery after stroke. It has been hypothesized that MVF can increase visual perception, motor imagery, and attention of/to the hands. However, neuroimaging evidence for this hypothesis is still lacking. In this study, we used a hand mental rotation task and event-related potential (ERP) analysis to explore the effect of MVF intervention on visual perception, motor preparation, and motor imagery of hands. We recruited 46 patients and randomly divided them into a mirror visual feedback group (MG) and a conventional intervention group (CG). By comparing ERP amplitude between the two groups and between before and after the intervention, we found that the N200 component, which was considered to be related to motor preparation, was significantly less negative in the affected hemisphere than that in the unaffected counterpart. After intervention, the N200 amplitude became more negative, reflecting a recovery of motor preparation. Specifically, MG showed a significant effect on the N200 for the hand pictures at large orientations, while the CG showed an effect mainly for the upright hand stimuli. The results suggested an improvement of preparation for motor imagery of complex and precise hand movements after MVF intervention.Clinical Relevance- This study might be helpful for understanding the neural mechanisms of MVF which can help stroke patients regain upper extremity function.

A prospective, comparative study of the analgesic effect between the WALANT technique and local anesthesia associated with sedation for hand surgery.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study was to compare the WALANT (wide awake, local anesthesia, no tourniquet) technique with local anesthesia associated with sedation in relation to pain intensity for minor hand surgical procedures. The secondary objective was to evaluate the need for analgesic complementation. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, comparative, and clinical study was carried out. The sample size in each group was determined after statistical evaluation of the results of a pilot project. The participants were allocated to one of two groups; those in group 1 were submitted to the WALANT technique, and those in group 2, to local anesthesia associated with sedation, for elective surgery. The surgical procedures were carpal tunnel syndrome, De Quervain's tenosynovitis, synovial cyst, finger cyst, and trigger finger. Pain intensity, need for complementation and evolution to complex regional pain syndrome were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no difference between groups in pain intensity after WALANT and need for intraoperative complementation. There was no significant difference in the amount of opioid applied postoperatively between the groups. There was no difference between groups regarding comfort during surgery. There was no difference in adverse effects and complications between the groups. Hematoma was the most frequent adverse event. No severe adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The WALANT technique promoted an analgesic effect similar to that of local anesthesia associated with sedation, without increasing adverse effects.

Comparison of the effect of prolotherapy and paraffin wax for hand osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Hand osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with considerable disability, especially in the elderly patient population. Paraffin wax (PW) and prolotherapy (P) are non-pharmacological treatment methods used in this setting. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of P and PW in hand osteoarthritis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was designed as a single-center, randomized-controlled trial conducted at our Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic between February 2019 and July 2020. Patients with bilateral hand OA were divided into PW and P treatment groups. The PW group was treated 5 days per week for 2 weeks. The P group received an injection of dextrose solution into the ligaments of painful joints once weekly for three weeks. Visual analog scale (VAS), Duruoz Hand Index (DHI) scale, hand dynamometer for grip strength, and pinch meter for lateral pinch were used for baseline and post-treatment follow-up assessments. RESULTS: Overall, 42 patients were included. The VAS scores significantly decreased in both PW and P groups (p=0.024 and p=0.014). Baseline and third-month post-treatment VAS scores did not significantly differ (p=0.581). The DHI scores improved significantly in both groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001), being higher in the P than in the PW group (p=0.042). Right- and left-hand grip strength increased significantly in PW and P groups (p<0.001, p=0.001; p=0.013, p=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both treatment methods were effective regarding pain and grip strength; however, P improved the hand functions more significantly.

Knead a Hand? Use of a Portable Massager to Reduce Patient Pain and Anxiety During Nail Surgery.

Pain and anxiety are common in patients undergoing nail surgery, and injection of local anesthetic is the most uncomfortable part of the procedure. Using a portable massager on the ipsilateral limb during nail injection can reduce pain and decrease patient anxiety. It is a simple and safe way to improve the patient experience during nail surgery.

More implicit and more explicit motor imagery tasks for exploring the mental representation of hands and feet in action.

The mental representation of the body in action can be explored using motor imagery (MI) tasks. MI tasks can be allocated along a continuum going from more implicit to more explicit tasks, where the discriminant is the degree of action monitoring required to solve the tasks (which is the awareness of using the mental representation of our own body to monitor our motor imagery). Tasks based on laterality judgments, such as the Hand Laterality Task (HLT) and the Foot Laterality Task (FLT), provide an example of more implicit tasks (i.e., less action monitoring is required). While, an example of a more explicit task is the Mental Motor Chronometry task (MMC) for hands and feet, where individuals are asked to perform or imagine performing movements with their limbs (i.e., more action monitoring is required). In our study, we directly compared hands and feet at all these tasks for the first time, as these body districts have different physical features as well as functions. Fifty-five participants were asked to complete an online version of the HLT and FLT (more implicit measure), and an online version of the MMC task for hands and feet (more explicit measure). The mental representation of hands and feet in action differed only when the degree of action monitoring decreased (HLT ≠ FLT); we observed the presence of biomechanical constraints only for hands. Differently, when the degree of action monitoring increased hands and feet did not show any difference (MMC hands = MMC feet). Our results show the presence of a difference in the mental representation of hands and feet in action that specifically depends on the degree of action monitoring.

Non-surgical local treatments of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: a systematic literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Digital ulcers (DUs) are difficult to treat in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and systemic (i.e., pharmacological) therapy is currently considered the 'standard of care'. Our aim was to examine the safety and efficacy of local, non-surgical treatment for SSc-DUs. METHODS: A systematic literature review (SLR) of original research articles up to August, 29 2022 was performed according to the PICO framework. References were independently screened by two reviewers and risk of bias was assed using validated tools. Due to study heterogeneity narrative summaries are used to present data. RESULTS: Among 899 retrieved references, 14 articles were included (2 randomised trials (RTs), and 12 observational (OBS) studies). The most frequently studied procedure (5 studies) was botulin A toxin (hand or single finger) injection with a reported healing rate (HR) of 71%-100%. Amniotic and hydrocolloid membranes were examined in one study each and associated with a good HR. Tadalafil 2% cream was studied in a single study with a reduction in the number of DUs. Vitamin E gel was associated with a reduction in ulcer healing time. Low-level light therapy, hydrodissection and corticosteroid injection, extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) and photobiomodulation were evaluated in a single study each and showed a positive trend. Dimethyl sulfoxide was associated with significant local toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: A range of non-surgical, local treatments for SSc-DUs have been explored and showed efficacy to some extent. We have identified methodological flaws that should be avoided in the design of future studies to explore locally-acting treatments for SSc-DUs.

[Professor LI De-hua's experience in treating facial nerve injury after total parotidectomy with blade needle based on jingjin theory].

The paper summarizes the academic thought and clinical experience of professor LI De-hua in treatment of facial nerve injury after total parotidectomy with blade needle based on jingjin (muscle region of meridian, sinew/fascia) theory. This disease is located at muscle regions of hand-/foot-three yang meridians; and the sinew/fascia adhesion is its basic pathogenesis, manifested by "transversely-distributed collaterals" and "knotted tendons". In treatment, the knotted tendons are taken as the points. Using the relaxation technique of blade needle, the lesions of sinews/fascia are dissected and removed to release the stimulation or compression to the nerves and vessels so that the normal function of sinews/fascia can be restored.

[Theory and application of pulse diagnosis at Renying and Cunkou regions].

Renying and Cunkou pulse diagnostic method is one of the important parts of the pulse diagnosis in Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) and has been controversial since its proposal. This article takes WANG Shu-he's diagnostic operation as the evidence, and is in reference of the statement, "Cun region (the region ahead of Guan region of Cunkou) determines the human life, that on the left hand refers to Renying, while on the right hand is Qikou". The pulse conditions on the left and right hands represent yin and yang. If Renying pulse on the left is greater, the diseases are in yang meridians, while if Cunkou pulse on the right is bustling, the diseases are in yin meridians. By comparing the pulse condition and strength, as well as the pulse beating (rapid and urgent) between Guan region and region ahead of Guan on the same side, the conditions of three yang and three yin meridians are detected. In treatment, based on the records of Renying and Cunkou pulse diagnosis in Huangdi Neijing, the principles are proposed for reinforcing and reducing methods on hand and foot meridians of yin and yang. Five-shu points and yuan-source points are taken as the main acupoints in acupuncture treatment. During treatment, the changes in pulse conditions should be emphasized specifically and those at Renying and Cunkou regions are the criteria for judging qi arrival and qi regulation.

Manual Therapy for a Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain Rat Model.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide and a major cause of disability. The majority of patients with CLBP are diagnosed with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP) due to an unknown pathological cause. Manual therapy (MT) is an integral aspect of traditional Chinese medicine and is recognized as Tuina in China. It involves techniques like bone-setting and muscle relaxation manipulation. Despite its clinical efficacy in treating CNLBP, the underlying mechanisms of MT remain unclear. In animal experiments aimed at investigating these mechanisms, one of the main challenges is achieving normative MT on CNLBP model rats. Improving the stability of finger strength is a key issue in MT. To address this technical limitation, a standardized procedure for MT on CNLBP model rats is presented in this study. This procedure significantly enhances the stability of MT with the hands and alleviates common problems associated with immobilizing rats during MT. The findings of this study are of reference value for future experimental investigations of MT.

Study of the Correlation between the Motor Ability of the Individual Upper Limbs and Motor Imagery Induced Neural Activities.

Motor imagery based brain-computer interfaces (MI-BCIs) have excellent application prospects in motor enhancement and rehabilitation. However, MI-induced electroencephalogram features applied to MI-BCI usually vary from person to person. This study aimed to investigate whether the motor ability of the individual upper limbs was associated with these features, which helps understand the causes of inter-subject variability. We focused on the behavioral and psychological factors reflecting motor abilities. We first obtained the behavioral scale scores from Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire, Maximum Grip Strength Test, and Purdue Pegboard Test assessments to evaluate the motor execution ability. We also required the subjects to complete the psychological Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 estimate, representing MI ability. Then we recorded EEG signals from all twenty-two subjects during MI tasks. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were used to analyze the relationships between MI-induced relative event-related desynchronization (rERD) patterns and motor abilities. Both Purdue Pegboard Test and Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 scores had significant correlations with MI-induced neural oscillation patterns. Notably, the Purdue Pegboard Test of the left hand had the most significant correlation with the alpha rERD. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the Purdue Pegboard Test and Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 could best predict the MI-induced rERD. The results demonstrate that hand dexterity and fine motor coordination are significantly related to MI-induced neural activities. In addition, the method of imagining is also relevant to MI features. Therefore, this study is meaningful for understanding individual differences and the design of user-centered MI-BCI.

Pain Relief Durations of Different Concentrations of Lidocaine in Wide Awake Hand Surgery: A Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the minimal concentration of lidocaine to provide adequate analgesia in wide awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgeries comparing 3 dilutions of tumescent lidocaine with epinephrine solution. STUDY DESIGN: A randomised control trial. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was held at the Plastic Surgery Department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from September 2020 to March 2021. METHODOLOGY: Inclusion criteria were post-traumatic hand contractures and tendon and nerve injuries. The patients were randomised to 3 groups of 30 each: Group A (0.1% lidocaine), Group B (0.2% lidocaine), and Group C (0.3% lidocaine). The dilution of adrenaline also remained constant at 1:200,000. Pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale. The three groups were compared for demographics and the total duration of analgesia in minutes. RESULTS: All groups showed adequate pain relief during surgery with no cases requiring conversion to general anaesthesia. The highest total duration of analgesia was seen in the 0.3% group (805.3±195.2 minutes), followed by the 0.2% group (500.4±87.2 minutes) and 0.1% group (381.3±31.6 minutes) (p<0.05). No patient developed any signs of lidocaine toxicity. A low Lidocaine concentration of 0.1% was effective in providing analgesia during surgery though increasing the lidocaine concentration to 0.3% would result in greater post-operative analgesic time without increasing toxicity. CONCLUSION: Adequate analgesia was recorded with all 3 lidocaine concentrations. The greatest pain-free duration was however observed in the  0.3% lidocaine group. KEY WORDS: Wide awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT), Lidocaine concentrations, Hand surgery, Analgesia, Adverse effects.